The Question of the Atom: From the Karlsruhe Congress to the First Solvay Conference 1860-1911

acetate acid activity analogous atomic theory atomic weights atoms of hydrogen Avogadro's Berzelius bodies Brownian movement calculated carbon cathode rays charge chemical chemistry chemists chloride combination compounds conception constant contained corresponding deflexion density determined dissociation electricity electrolytic electromotive force electrons elements emulsion energy equal equation equivalent weights existence experiment experimental explain express fact fluid force formula gamboge gaseous gases Gerhardt give given granules hydrochloric acid hydrogen hypothesis idea ions J. J. Thomson Kekulé kinetic kinetic theory known light liquid magnetic mass matter mean measurements mechanical mercury metals method molecules motion nature negative notation number of atoms observed obtained Ostwald oxide oxygen particles periodic law phenomena physical physicists plate potassium pressure properties proportion quantity question radiation radicals radioactivity represented salts scattering simple sodium solution specific heats spectrum substances supposed temperature thorium tion tube vapour velocity vibration volume zinc